Present Perfect Tense

The Formula of Present Perfect Tense :
Positif: S + have/has + V3
Negatif: S + have/sas Not + V3
Tanya:   Have/has + S + V3

Situation 1: The present perfect tense connects the past with the present. It states that something began in the past and it continues to the present. We usually use for or since in the sentence.




Examples:
She has been in her room since this morning.
It has rained for days.
I have known Tina since high school.



Situation 2: The present perfect is used to express an unfinished period of time. The action likely happened repeatedly in the past, and the present perfect suggests that the action may happen again in the future.




Examples:
I have taken three tests this semester.
The hens have laid plenty of eggs.
John has gone out again.

Situation 3: The present perfect can be used to talk about experience from the past without giving the specific times that it happened




Examples:
We have seen this movie already.
I have lost my wallet.
There has been an accident.








Situation 4: We use the present perfect tense to report events that happened in the recent past. The effect(s) of the recent event is still felt or seen in the present.




Examples:
I have made you a cup of tea.
He has cut his finger.

Giving Instruction

  

Giving Instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request. Instruction ( also called imperatives ).
       Instruction require the person receiving them to do something, or to do stop doing it. Instruction are directly addressed to the person who has to do them. Therefore, instruction are one of the few types of English sentences that do not need a subject ! the subject is usually “ you “ ( understood ). If there is any doubt who should do the instruction, the “ naming “ form the vocative is used.

Asking for Instructions

How do you (do this)?
How do I…?
What is the best way to…?
How do I go about it?
What do you suggest?
How do you suggest I proceed?
What is the first step?

Giving Instructions 

First, (you)…

Then, (you)…

Next, (you)…

Lastly, (you)…

Starting out 

Before you begin, (you should…)
The first thing you do is…
I would start by…
The best place to begin is…
To begin with,

Continuing 

After that,

The next step is to…

The next thing you do is…

Once you’ve done that, then…

When you finish that, then…

Finishing 

The last step is…

The last thing you do is…

In the end,

When you’ve finished,

When you’ve completed all the steps

Narrative Text

The purpose of Narrative text is to entertain, create or stimulate emotions, motivate, guide, and teach reader.

Narrative text usually has a moral value. A narrative text may include folktales, myths, legends, etc

.

The Structure of Narrative Text :

Orientation: it means to introduce the participants or the characters of the story with the time and place set. Orientation actually exists in every text type though it has different term. 

Complication: it is such the crisis of the story. If there is not the crisis, the story is not a narrative text. In a long story, the complication appears in several situations. It means that some time there is more then one complication. 

Resolution: it is the final series of the events which happen in the story. The resolution can be good or bad. The point is that it has been accomplished by the characters. 

THE EXAMPLE :

Momotaro

Once upon a time, there lived in Japan a peasant and his wife. They were sad couple because they had no children. They kept praying to their god pleading to give them a child.

While cutting wood by a stream one day, the man saw a large peach floating on the water. He ran to pick it up. His wife was excited because she had never seen such a large peach before. They were about to cut the peach when they heard a voice from inside.

The couples were surprised to do anything. The peach then cracked open, and there was a beautiful baby inside. The couples were very happy, of course. They named the baby Momotaro, which meant ‘peach boy’.

Momotaro grew up to be clever, courage young man. His parents loved him very much.

One day, Momotaro told his parents hat he was going to fight the pirates who always attacked their village. These pirates lived on an island a few kilometers away. Momotaro’s mother packed his food, and his father gave him a sword. Having blessed Momotaro, they sent him off on his journey.

Sailing on his boat, Momotaro met an eagle going in the same direction. They became good friends; soon, both of them arrived on the island of the pirates.

Momotaro drew out the sacred sword his father had given him and began to fight the pirates. The eagle flew over the thieves’ heads, pecking at their eyes. Finally, the pirates were defeated.

Momotaro brought home all the goods that pirates had stolen. His parents were proud of him, and they were overjoyed at his victory and save return.

Expressing Happines

Happiness  Expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.

• What is happiness ?

It is important to first understand that the term ‘’happiness ‘’ refers to the emotion ,mood ,and state of happiness ,however researchers generally study the more enduring ‘’state”. Expression happiness is used to expression happiness feelings when we are successful to do something.

• What  would you say to express you happiness ?

    Ø  I’m happy because……….

    Ø  Fantastic

    Ø  Great

    Ø  You make me happy

    Ø  I’m so glad that you

    Ø  I like ……..

    Ø  I’m pleased with

    Ø  Congratulation

    Ø  Oh, I’m so happy

    Ø  I can’t say how pleased I am

    Ø  What a marvelous place I’ve ever soon

    Ø  It’s an outstanding adventure

    Ø  It’s an interesting experience

    Ø  It’s a sensational trip

    Ø  Great!

    Ø  Exciting!

    Ø  Fantastic

    Ø  Super

    Ø  Terrific

    Ø  Smashing

    Ø  Hey, that’s terrific/great

• We can happiness expression of  by :

    Ø  Word( kata-kata)

    Ø  Gestures ( gerakan )

• For the example of dialouge about happiness expression:

Dian  : What do you accept from your birthday ,dhina?

Kevin : Fantastic ,I can a new bag from my father. That’s new bag, It is    very good

Dian  : Oh, I ‘m happy  too hear it.

Kevin : Thank’z , nhya

Dian  : You are welcome

Expressing Symphaty

Sympathy Expression is an expression or feeling of pity  and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition .By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness on other people ‘s condition.•How can we give sympathy expression to someone :We express it directly to him/her orally or we  can use a letter or card by post also by short message service ( sms ), e-mail,television ,radio ,and newspaper if he /she who got the trouble is far from us.

expressing sypathy digunakan untuk menyatakan rasa simpati kepada seseorang atas suatu kejadian, baik kabar menggembirakan atau tidak.

Ungkapan simpati terhadap sesuatu yang menyenangkan·         I'm (very) glad to hear that!
·         Nice to hear that
·         I'm happy for you then.
·         Great!
·         Fantastic!
·         How exciting!
Ungkapan simpati terhadap sesuatu yang tidak menyenangkan·         I am (very) sorry to hear that.
·         Please accept my condolences.
·         I know how you feel.
·         You must be very Upset
·         Oh, poor jane. What happened to her?
·         How awful!
·         That's too bad.
·         How terrible!
Untuk merespon ungkapan simpati, kita dapat mengucapkan kalimat berikut.·         Thanks./Thank you.
·         Right.
·         You're right.
·         That's right.

Invitation

Invitation dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah undangan. Kali ini aku akan membahas invitation dalam b.inggris.

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something. 

There are two types of invitation.
FORMAL INVITATION
Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.
 
INFORMAL INVITATION
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.

The Examples of Invitation :
Repeat after me guys!
-I would like to invite you to come to my house
-Would you like to come to my restaurant?
-How would you like to go camping with us next month?
-If you are not busy, please try to come to my office
-Are you free this evening?
-Let’s go to the Jazz Festival!
-Can you come?
-Please try to come
-We hope you’ll join us
-If you don’t have any other plans, would you come to the café?

Apa menurutmu teman ? Apakah mudah ? Baiklah selanjutnya kita akan belajar menerima (accepting). Di bawah ini contohnya :
-I’d love to
-I like that
-That sounds great
-Thank you for the invitation
-That would be wonderful
-I’d be glad to
-That sounds like fun
-It’s very nice of you to invite me
-It sounds interesting

Ya.. Itu adalah contoh menerima(accepting), sekarang mari kita belajar menolaknya(refusing). Di bawah ini contoh dari refusing :
-I’d love to, but I can’t
-I’m really sorry because I can’t come
-Sorry, I’m really busy
-I’d love to, but I won’t be able to
-I’d love to but I don’t think I can
note: Bisa ditambahkan alasan


Example of Invitation :

3.Dialogue Invitation

Arif  : Hi, Tika.

Tika  : Hi, Arif. What’s up friend?

Arif  : Hmmm, are you doing anything for next week?

Tika  : Nothing. Why?

Arif  : Hmm, like you know, next week we will have summer vacation to

Bali and I think that I need you to be my date. Would you mind to come along with me?

Tika  : Really? I’d love it so much.

Arif  : Well, I will pick you at 7 a.m next week at school.

Tika  : OK. Thanks Arif.

Arif  : You’re welcome. Bye Tika and see you next week.

Tika  : See you, too. Bye-bye.

Structure of Invitation :

-Invitee ( orang yang diundang)

-The body of letter.

   - Occasion ( acara yang dilaksanakan)

   - Date (tanggal acara )

   - Time (waktu acara)

   - Place (tempat acara)

Greetings...

Sapaan/greetings

Sesama teman umumnya hanya saling mengucapkan “Hi”. Kemudian mereka juga sering melontarkan pertanyaan umum semisal:
“How are you?” (yang disebut guru saya tidak kreatif)
“How are you doing?” (tidak formal)
“How’s it going?” (tidak formal dan dapat digunakan secara rutin)
“How’s tricks?” (tidak formal dan dapat digunakan secara rutin)
“How are things? (tidak formal dan dapat digunakan secara rutin)
“Haven’t seen you for ages” (tidak formal dan digunakan kepada teman yang sudah lama tidak berjumpa)
“Great to see you again” (tidak formal dan digunakan kepada teman yang sudah lama tidak berjumpa)
“How’s life?” (tidak formal dan digunakan kepada teman yang sudah lama tidak berjumpa)
“Watcha!” (sangat tidak formal dan hanya digunakan untuk teman dekat)
“What’s up?” (sangat tidak formal dan hanya digunakan untuk teman dekat)
“How do you do?” (formal)
“Good day, Sir/Madam!” (sangat formal)

Pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti ini umumnya dijawab dengan jawaban yang positif, seperti:
“Fine” (yang juga disebut guru saya monoton)
“Pretty good”
“Not bad”
“Can’t complain”
“Never been better”
“Fabulous”
“Fantastic”

Sebaiknya, setelah melontarkan jawaban ini, Anda mengucapkan terima kasih. Misalnya, ucapkanlah “Not bad, thanks.” Praktek ini sangat umum di kalangan para penutur asli.

Sedangkan, untuk menyapa orang yang belum Anda kenal, lebih pantas menggunakan “Hello.” Untuk situasi yang lebih formal, gunakan “Good morning / afternoon / evening.”

Lawan bicara Anda umumnya akan menjawab dengan greetings yang sama dengan yang Anda lontarkan sebelumnya – kecuali bila sebelumnya Anda melontarkan greetings berupa pertanyaan. Bila Anda mengucapkan “Hello,” lawan bicara Anda akan membalas dengan “Hello.” Bila Anda mengucapkan “Good morning,” lawan bicara Anda juga akan membalas dengan “Good morning.”

Ada satu pengecualian di sini, yaitu untuk “How do you do?”. “How do you do?” merupakan sapaan yang cukup formal dalam British English. Balasan untuk sapaan ini adalah dengan mengulang kembali pertanyaan tersebut. Terkesan aneh memang, tetapi begitulah aturan tak tertulisnya. “How do you do?” sebenarnya bukan merupakan pertanyaan. Kalimat tersebut memiliki arti yang sama dengan “Hello.”

Ucapan selamat tinggal

Penting juga untuk mengucapkan selamat tinggal saat Anda akan pergi. Berikut adalah ucapan selamat tinggal untuk situasi informal:
“Goodbye” atau “Bye”
“See you (later)”
“Later”

Untuk situasi formal:
“Good morning / afternoon / evening”
“It was a pleasure seeing you”
“Goodbye”
“Good night” (umumnya setelah lewat pukul 8 malam)